The BNF in Paris, one of the world’s greatest national libraries, has placed some of its most interesting primary sources on-line. So have Oxford’s Bodleian Library and the University of Chicago. Using these outstanding primary sources, we can learn about life in the Middle Ages.

It was a time when good hygiene was not part of everyday life. Taking a shower every day would have been unheard of. Dogs ate with people. People themselves had fleas.

Houses in the towns were crammed together. Usually made of wood, with thatched roofs, they were often home to insects and rodents. Roaming dogs were always nearby. Many people slept in the same room. There were no sewers and other health-oriented facilities. Life expectancy was about 45 years. Infant mortality rates were extremely high.

In rural areas, peasants worked the land. Their animals, even in the winter, were never far away. In fact, humans and animals practically shared the same living space.

Bows and arrows were used for protection. Men and oxen tilled the land and planted the fields in early spring. In June, the family gathered an early harvest. By July the wheat was ready and the sheep were sheared. In September, the grape harvest was an important event and by October the farmers were once again tilling and planting the fields.

Peasants worked for aristocrats who owned the land and most of the wealth. Before the Black Death, workers had very few rights. The feudal system was still in place.